What is Ash Wednesday and What do Christians Celebrate on Ash Wednesday?

What is Ash Wednesday and What do Christians Celebrate on Ash Wednesday?

Handel's Messiah - Glory to God

Handel's Messiah - 1 of 6

Bible Study: David's Last Words

The history of King David of Israel as described in 1&2Samuel, 1Kings, and 1Chronicles presents much to study and consider. And because the Psalms are such profitable passages of scripture, my first inclination was to use Psalm 18 (which is taken from 2Samuel 22) as my MPN subject this time, but through further study of the parallel passages for the psalm, and contiguous scripture in 2Samuel, I decided on a lesser known passage just following the psalm in 2Samuel 23, with support from a passage in 1Chronicles. My desire to progress on schedule for the goal of reading through the Bible by the end of the calendar year, has also placed some pressure on me to return to my scheduled bible reading.

By comparing passages of scripture, which are closely related, but not completely parallel in different bible books, we can gain perspective, which is not immediately clear while reading the separate accounts. David provided a hurried coronation for Solomon while on his sick bed (only in 1Kings 1:33-47), in order to supersede Adonijah's independent act to take the throne. When a messenger reports Solomon's coronation to Adonijah, the messenger states that David was making approval from his bed. But in 1Chronicles 29 from an account not in 2Samuel or 1Kings, we learn that David stands before the assembled people and makes a dedication for the temple which is to be built, and for his son as king. The text further clarifies this in verse 23 by indicating that this is the second time Solomon was made king. Now, I want to consider David's brief dedication at Solomon's second coronation, then examine some verses declared by scripture to be the last words of David. In 1Chronicles 29, verses 1 through 9, David dedicated the materials and riches he had accumulated, including some additions from his own personal wealth, and the people dedicated personal valuables for the building of the temple. That brings us to the "wherefore" of 1Chronicles 29:10.
1Chronicles 29:10-19 (in version-composite paraphrase)
Wherefore, David praised the LORD before the entire congregation: and David said, all praise to you, LORD God of Israel our father, forever and ever. That the greatness, and the power, and the glory, and the victory, and the majesty O LORD, is yours: for all that is in the heaven and in the earth is yours; the kingdom is yours, O LORD, and you are exalted as head above all. Both riches and honour come of you, and you reign over all; and in your hand is power and might; and in your hand is the power to make great, and to give strength unto all.

So now our God, we therefore thank you and praise your glorious name. But who am I, and what are my people, that we should be able to offer so willingly after this sort? For all things come of you, and what we have given you was already yours. And we are strangers before you, and sojourners, as were all our fathers: our days on the earth are as a shadow, and there is none that can continue his own life. O Lord our God, all this store, which we have made ready for the building of a house for your holy name, comes from your hand and is yours. And I am aware, my God, that you are the searcher of hearts, taking pleasure in righteousness.

As for me, with an upright heart I have freely given all these things; and I have seen with joy your people who are here to make their offerings freely to you. O Lord, the God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Israel, our fathers, keep this for ever in the deepest thoughts of your people, and direct their hearts toward you; and give to Solomon my son a true heart, to keep your commandments, your testimonies, and your ordinances, and to do all these things, and to put up this great house for which I have made ready.

COMMENTS: This is such a tremendous way for the LORD to allow David to come to the close of his life, by seeing a son peacefully assume the throne of God's chosen people as God had promised. David's firstborn son, Amnon had been killed by his half brother Absalom for the rape of Absalom's sister, and later, Absalom tried to take the throne of his father by force. David suffered very deep grief at the death of Absalom during the revolt. Then he grew older and physically weaker after that time, needing a young maiden to keep himself warm. When Adonijah decided to take the throne on his own initiative with support from Joab, who had killed Absalom during the earlier revolt, David was on his sick bed. We find from Bathsheba and Nathan that David had apparently promised Bathsheba that Solomon would succeed to the throne. David and Bathsheba had lost their first son to death after their adultery was exposed, but Solomon was the first of four other sons born to David and Bathsheba. David had experienced victories over his enemies and prosperity for his nation during his forty-year reign, but much sorrow had come from his own family. His thoughts are focused on the LORD however, as he has the strength and vigor to stand before his people with great praise to the attributes of the true and living god. David spoke from a heart, which seemed to overflow with love for the LORD.

Solomon's name means "peace", and Nathan the prophet had also given him the name Jedidiah, which means "beloved of Jehovah". It is very likely that David felt a sense of peace with God when his sin was exposed and forgiven by the LORD, and the birth of Solomon was certainly good cause to symbolize that peace by naming the child Solomon. David had been told by God that a king of peace would be the one to build the temple, and it was very fitting that a son would build, after God had given the father so much victory to establish peace for Israel on every side.

So now, as David knows his life is drawing to a close, he prays first for God to make the hearts of the people right so they would keep in their uppermost thoughts the descriptive and accurate praise offered to the LORD God on this day, and how the king and the people freely offered materials for the building of the temple. David then prayed for Solomon, asking that the LORD give him a true heart to keep God's commandments, testimonies, and ordinances; and to build the temple. These three words to be kept by Solomon, are closely related and very similar, but after some study, it seems to me that they can have some significant difference. Commandments could refer to the most basic declared law, which are foundational to all other instructions for us. Testimonies could then refer to the many statements and affirmations of truth about God's creation, revealed to us in the word of God to dispel untruth. Ordinances then draw from the first two, to present the many precepts, rules, and guidelines to keep us on the daily path of righteousness.
2Samuel 23:1-7 (in version-composite paraphrase)
Now these are the last words of David. David the son of Jesse said, and the man who was raised on high, the anointed of the God of Jacob, and the sweet psalmist of Israel, said,
The Spirit of the LORD spoke by me, and his word was in my tongue. The God of Israel said, the Rock of Israel spoke to me, He that rules over men must be righteous, ruling in the fear of God. And he shall be as the light of the morning, when the sun rises, even a morning without clouds; as the tender grass springing out of the earth by clear sunlight after rain. For is not my house established with God? For an everlasting covenant He has made with me, ordered in all things, and sure; for all my salvation, and all my desire, will he not make it to grow? But the ungodly, they are as thorns thrust away, all of them, for they cannot be taken with the hand; But the man that touches them must be armed with iron and the staff of a spear; and they shall be utterly burned with fire in their place.

COMMENTS: The major phrases of this passage are not replicated in the Psalms, but are unique to this book. David, the chosen son of Jesse, knew the LORD had worked in his life for his own benefit, and by David's life for the benefit of others. This then brought David to praise the LORD with his own tongue. The position of ruling over men required that David be acutely aware that the LORD is the Rock of Israel, and that one placed in power by that Rock must rule in righteousness and the fear of God. This brings God's blessings comparable to the enrichment by clear sunlight in a cloudless sky, on nourished grass after a rain.

David accepted by faith that his house was firmly established by God through an everlasting covenant that God had made with him. This, David saw as set in order, despite times when disorder seemed to prevail in all things. And it was sure as the rock foundation; for all his salvation, and all his desire. As another scripture says, delight yourself also in the LORD, and he will give you the desires of your heart -- he will make blessing to increase.

But the ungodly, they are as thorns thrust away, all of them, for they cannot be taken with the bare hand. The man that touches them must be armed with iron and the staff of a spear; and they shall be utterly burned with fire in their place. This is a stark picture of the final and lasting conclusion to those who reject the salvation of the LORD. His righteous judgment will come with unquenchable fire, and purity will be established for eternity.

--- REFLECTIONS IN PRAYER ---
Thank you LORD for the centuries of scripturally recorded history, which give testimony to your design for mankind, and to your unfailing love. LORD, I can certainly see many blessings from you, by review of my life, and also periods of discipline resulting from my disobedience. I agree with David that all creation is yours, and anything I want to offer to you has come from your good hand. Thank you LORD, that you discipline me as one you love, and do not simply handle me as thorns to be burned.

Create in me a clean heart, O God, that as my life moves through my remaining years, I will marvel at your blessings, and press on to the mark, by striving to reject sin in my life. The Righteous One who was to come through David's line has paid the full penalty for all my sin, and it is my desire to finish the course in the manner you have ordained for me. Whatever that manner may be, may you receive the maximum glory from my brief life before you, and may others see your hand on me as with David. As John the Baptist said, I must decrease, and the LORD Jesus must increase. All glory belongs to you, the triune God who is our creator, redeemer, and sustainer. Hallelujah! Amen.

What dose Palm Sunday Mean?

Palm SundayFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the Kurt Vonnegut book, see Palm Sunday (book).

Jesus' Triumphal entry into Jerusalem on a donkey, early 1900's Bible card illustration. Traditionally, entering the city on a donkey symbolizes arrival in peace, rather than as a war waging king arriving on a horse.[1][2]Palm Sunday is a Christian moveable feast that always falls on the Sunday before Easter Sunday. The feast commemorates Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem, an event mentioned by all four Canonical Gospels (Mark 11:1-11, Matthew 21:1-11, Luke 19:28-44, and John 12:12-19).

In many Christian churches, Palm Sunday is marked by the distribution of palm leaves (often tied into crosses) to the assembled worshipers. The difficulty of procuring palms for that day's ceremonies in unfavorable climates for palms led to the substitution of boughs of box, yew, willow or other native trees. The Sunday was often designated by the names of these trees, as Yew Sunday or by the general term Branch Sunday.

Dates for Palm Sunday, 2009–2020 Year Western Eastern
2009 April 5 April 12
2010 March 28
2011 April 17
2012 April 1 April 8
2013 March 24 April 28
2014 April 13
2015 March 29 April 5
2016 March 20 April 24
2017 April 9
2018 March 25 April 1
2019 April 14 April 21
2020 April 5 April 12
Contents [hide]
1 Biblical basis and symbolism
2 Observance in the liturgy
2.1 Western Christianity
2.2 Eastern Christianity
3 Customs
3.1 Lebanon, Jordan and Israel
3.2 Latvia
3.3 India
3.4 Spain
3.5 Malta
3.6 Netherlands
3.7 Poland
3.8 Romania
3.9 Bulgaria
3.10 The Philippines
3.11 Finland
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links

[edit] Biblical basis and symbolismMain article: Triumphal entry into Jerusalem
In the accounts of the four canonical Gospels, Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem takes place about a week before his Resurrection.[3][4][5][6][7]


Triumphal entry into Jerusalem, fresco in the Parish Church Zirl, Austria.According to the Gospels Jesus rode a donkey into Jerusalem, and the celebrating people there lay down their cloaks in front of him, and also lay down small branches of trees. The people sang part of Psalms 118: 25-26 - ... Blessed is He who comes in the name of the Lord. We bless you from the house of the Lord ....[3][5][4][2]

The symbolism of the donkey may refer to the Eastern tradition that it is an animal of peace, versus the horse, which is the animal of war.[1] Therefore, a king came riding upon a horse when he was bent on war and rode upon a donkey when he wanted to point out that he was coming in peace. Therefore Jesus' entry to Jerusalem symbolized his entry as the Prince of Peace, not as a war waging king.[1][2]

In many lands in the ancient Near East it was the custom to cover in some way the path of someone thought worthy of the highest honour. The Hebrew Bible (2Kings 9:13) reports that Jehu, son of Jehoshaphat, was treated this way. Both the Synoptic Gospels and the Gospel of John report that people gave Jesus this form of honour. However, in the synoptics they are only reported as laying their garments and cut rushes on the street, whereas John more specifically mentions palm fronds. The palm branch was a symbol of triumph and victory in Jewish tradition, and is treated in other parts of the Bible as such (e.g., Leviticus 23:40 and Revelation 7:9). Because of this, the scene of the crowd greeting Jesus by waving palms and carpeting his path with them has become symbolic and important.

In the 16th and 17th century Palm Sunday was marked by the burning of a Jack-'o'-Lent figure. This was a straw effigy which would be stoned and abused. Its burning on Palm Sunday was often supposed to be a kind of revenge on Judas Iscariot who had betrayed Christ. It could also have represented the hated figure of Winter whose destruction prepares the way for Spring.[8]

[edit] Observance in the liturgy[edit] Western ChristianityOn Palm Sunday, in the Roman Catholic Church, as well as many Anglican and Lutheran churches, palm fronds (or in colder climates some kind of substitutes) are blessed with an aspergilium outside the church building (or in cold climates in the narthex when Easter falls early in the year). A procession also takes place. It may include the normal liturgical procession of clergy and acolytes, the parish choir, the children of the parish or indeed the entire congregation as in the churches of the East.

In many Protestant churches, children are given palms, and then walk in procession around the inside of the church while the adults remain seated.

The palms are saved in many churches to be burned the following year as the source of ashes used in Ash Wednesday services. The Roman Catholic Church considers the palms to be sacramentals. The vestments for the day are deep scarlet red, the color of blood, indicating the supreme redemptive sacrifice Christ was entering the city to fulfill: his Passion and Resurrection in Jerusalem.

In the Episcopal and many other Anglican churches and in Lutheran churches as well, the day is nowadays officially called The Sunday of the Passion: Palm Sunday; however, in practice it is usually termed "Palm Sunday" as in the 1928 American Book of Common Prayer and in earlier Lutheran liturgies and calendars, by way of avoiding undue confusing with the penultimate Sunday of Lent in the traditional calendar, which was "Passion Sunday".

In the Church of Pakistan (a member of the Anglican Communion), on Palm Sunday the faithful carry palm branches into the church, as they sing Psalm 24.

[edit] Eastern Christianity
The congregation in an Oriental Orthodox church in India collects palm fronds for the Palm Sunday procession (the men of the congregation on the left of the sanctuary in the photo; the women of the congregation are collecting their fronds on the right of the sanctuary, outside the photo.In the Orthodox Church Palm Sunday is often called the "Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem", it is one of the Twelve Great Feasts of the liturgical year, and is the beginning of Holy Week. The day before is known as Lazarus Saturday, and commemorates the resurrection of Lazarus from the dead. Unlike the West, Palm Sunday is not considered to be a part of Lent, the Eastern Orthodox Great Fast ends on the Friday before. Lazarus Saturday, Palm Sunday and Holy Week are considered to be a separate fasting period. On Lazarus Saturday, believers often prepare palm fronds by knotting them into crosses in preparation for the procession on Sunday. The hangings and vestments in the church are changed to a festive color—in the Slavic tradition this is often green.

The Troparion of the Feast indicates that the resurrection of Lazarus is a prefiguration of Jesus' own Resurrection:

O Christ our God
When Thou didst raise Lazarus from the dead before Thy Passion,
Thou didst confirm the resurrection of the universe.
Wherefore, we like children,
carry the banner of triumph and victory,
and we cry to Thee, O Conqueror of Death,
Hosanna in the highest!
Blessed is He that cometh
in the Name of the Lord.

Palm Sunday Procession, Moscow, with Tsar Alexei Michaelovich (painting by Vyacheslav Gregorievich Schwarz, 1865).In the Russian Orthodox Church, Ukrainian Orthodox Church, Ukrainian Catholic Church, and Ruthenian Catholic Church, the custom developed of using pussy willow instead of palm fronds because the latter are not readily available that far north. There is no canonical requirement as to what kind of branches must be used, so some Orthodox believers use olive branches. Whatever the kind, these branches are blessed and distributed together with candles either during the All-Night Vigil on the Eve of the Feast (Saturday night), or before the Divine Liturgy on Sunday morning. The Great Entrance of the Divine Liturgy commemorates the "Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem", and so the meaningfulness of this moment is punctuated on Palm Sunday as everyone stands holding their branches and lit candles. The faithful take these branches and candles home with them after the service, and keep them in their icon corner as an evloghia (blesing).


In Russia donkey walk processions took place in different cities, but most important in Novgorod and, since 1558 until 1693, in Moscow. It was prominently featured in testimonies by foreign witnesses and mentioned in contemporary Western maps of the city. The Patriarch of Moscow, representing Christ, rode on a "donkey" (actually a horse draped in white cloth); the Tsar of Russia humbly led the procession on foot. Originally Moscow processions began inside the Kremlin and terminated at Trinity Church, now known as Saint Basil's Cathedral, but in 1658 Patriarch Nikon reversed the order of procession. Peter I, as a part of his nationalisation of the church, terminated the custom; it has been occasionally recreated in the 21st century.

In Oriental Orthodox churches palm fronds are distributed at the front of the church at the sanctuary steps, in India the sanctuary itself having been strewn with marigolds, and the congregation processes through and outside the church.

[edit] CustomsIt is customary in many churches for the worshippers to receive fresh palm leaves on Palm Sunday. In parts of the world where this has historically been impractical substitute traditions have arisen.

[edit] Lebanon, Jordan and IsraelIn Lebanon, Jordan and Israel, Palm Sunday - known as Shaa’nini in Arabic- is perhaps the best attended service in the Christian Calendar, among the Orthodox, Catholic(Latin rite and Eastern rite), and Anglican Churches, perhaps because it is a notably family occasion. On this day children will attend church with branches from olive and palm trees. Also there will be carefully woven crosses and other symbols made from palm fronds and roses. There will normally be a procession at the beginning of the service and at some point the priest will take an olive branch and splash holy water on the faithful.

[edit] LatviaIn Latvia, Palm Sunday is called "Pussy Willow Sunday", and pussy willows - symbolizing new life - are blessed and distributed to the faithful [1]. Children are often woken that morning with ritualistic swats of a willow branch. People also catch each other and spank each other with the branches [2].

[edit] India
Flowers (in this instance marigolds) strewn about the sanctuary in an Oriental Orthodox church in Mumbai, India on Palm Sunday.In the South Indian state of Kerala, (and in Indian Orthodox, Syro-Malankara Catholic Church, and Syrian Orthodox Church (Jacobite) congregations elsewhere in India and throughout the West) flowers are strewn about into the sanctuary on Palm Sunday during the reading of the Gospel at the words uttered by the crowd welcoming Jesus, "Hosanna! Blessed is he who is come and is to come in the name of the Lord God." These words are read to the congregation thrice. The congregation then repeats, "Hosanna!" and the flowers are scattered. This echoes pre-Christian Hindu celebrations in which flowers are strewn on festive occasions; however this also echoes the honour shown to Jesus upon his entry into Jerusalem. Indian Orthodoxy traces its roots to the arrival in India of St. Thomas the Apostle in AD 52 (according to tradition) and his evangelism among both the Brahmans of the Malabar Coast and the ancient Jewish community there. Its rites and ceremonies are both Hindu and Jewish as well as Levantine Christian in origin.

[edit] SpainSee also: Holy Week in Spain
In Elx, Spain, the location of the biggest palm grove in Europe, there is a tradition of tying and covering palm leaves to whiten them away from sunlight and then drying and braiding them in elaborate shapes.

A Spanish rhyming proverb states: Domingo de Ramos, quien no estrena algo, se le caen las manos ("On Palm Sunday, the hands drop off of those who fail to wear something new").

[edit] MaltaAll the parishes of Malta and Gozo on Palm Sunday (in Maltese Ħadd il-Palm) bless the palm leaves and the olive leaves. Those parishes that have the statues of Good Friday bless the olive tree that they put on the statues of Jesus prays in the Olive Garden (Ġesù fl-Ort) and the Betrayal of Judas (il-Bewsa ta' Ġuda). Also many people take a small branch of olive to their home because they say that the blessed olive branch keeps away disease and the evil eye (l-għajn ħażina or is-seħta).

[edit] NetherlandsIn the Saxon regions of the Netherlands, crosses are decorated with candy and bread, made in the form of a rooster. In the diocese of Groningen-Leeuwarden a great procession with oil lamps is held the night before Palm Sunday in honour of the Sorrowful Mother of Warfhuizen.

[edit] PolandMany Polish towns and villages (the best known are Lipnica Murowana in Małopolska and Łyse in Podlasie) organize artificial palm competitions. The biggest of those reach above 30 meters in length; for example, the highest palm in 2008 had 33.39 meters.

[edit] RomaniaIn Romania Palm Sunday is known as Duminica Floriilor.

[edit] BulgariaIn Bulgaria Palm Sunday is known as Tsvetnitsa. People with flower-related names, (for example Tzviatko, Margarita, Lilia, Violeta, Yavor, Zdravko, Zjumbjul, Nevena, Temenuzhka, etc.) celebrate this day as their name day.

[edit] The PhilippinesSee also: Holy Week in the Philippines
In the Philippines, there are some places where a re-enactment of Jesus' triumphal entry occurs. The Catholic priest rides a horse and is surrounded by the congregation, bearing palms. Sometimes women spread large cloths or aprons along the procession route.

Palm branches, called palaspas, are taken home after being blessed in the Mass and are hung beside, on or above doorways and windows in front of their house. Although the real objective of placing the leaves in front of houses is to welcome Jesus Christ, some Filipinos say that the palm leaves turn away evil spirits.

[edit] FinlandIn Finland it is popular for children to dress up as Easter witches and go door to door in neighborhoods for coins and candy. It is an old Karelian custom called "Virpominen".

[edit] See alsoCrucifixion eclipse
Palm branch (symbol)
[edit] Notes^ a b c Matthew 19-28 by William David Davies, Dale C. Allison 2004 ISBN 0567083756 page 120
^ a b c John 12-21 by John MacArthur 2008 ISBN 9780802408242 pages 17-18
^ a b The people's New Testament commentary by M. Eugene Boring, Fred B. Craddock 2004 ISBN 0664227546 pages 256-258
^ a b The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary: Matthew-Luke, Volume 1 by Craig A. Evans 2003 ISBN 0781438683 page 381-395
^ a b The Synoptics: Matthew, Mark, Luke by Ján Majerník, Joseph Ponessa, Laurie Watson Manhardt 2005 ISBN 1931018316 pages 133-134
^ The Bible knowledge background commentary: John's Gospel, Hebrews-Revelation by Craig A. Evans ISBN 0781442281 pages 114-118
^ Matthew 21:1-11, Mark 11:1-11, Luke 19:28-44 John 12:12-19
^ Frood & Graves p.10
[edit] ReferencesFrood, J.D. & Graves, M.A.R. Seasons and Ceremonies: Tudor-Stuart England. Elizabethan Promotions, 1992
[edit] External linksAn Order of Service for Palm Sunday
Learn how to make a cross out of palms
Palm Sunday (Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia)
Palm Sunday according to the Byzantine Rite Tradition
Pope celebrates Palm Sunday
"Palm Sunday". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
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Psalms 146. The Holy Bible: King James Version.

Psalms 146. The Holy Bible: King James Version.

The Psalms
146

Praise for the LORD's Righteous Acts
1 Praise ye the LORD.

Praise the LORD, O my soul.
2 While I live will I praise the LORD:

I will sing praises unto my God while I have any being.
3 Put not your trust in princes,

nor in the son of man,
in whom there is no help.
4 His breath goeth forth,

he returneth to his earth;
in that very day his thoughts perish.
5 Happy is he that hath the God of Jacob for his help,

whose hope is in the LORD his God:
6 which made heaven, and earth,

the sea, and all that therein is:
which keepeth truth for ever:
7 which executeth judgment for the oppressed:

which giveth food to the hungry.
The LORD looseth the prisoners:
8 the LORD openeth the eyes of the blind:

the LORD raiseth them that are bowed down:
the LORD loveth the righteous:
9 the LORD preserveth the strangers;

he relieveth the fatherless and widow:
but the way of the wicked he turneth upside down.
10 The LORD shall reign for ever,

even thy God, O Zion, unto all generations.
Praise ye the LORD.

I want Jesus To Walk With Me Moses Hogan Chorale